Reply to Gender Differences in Functional Movement Disorders: Sociocultural or Biological?

Body dissatisfaction and perceived sociocultural pressures: gender and age differences

One important area of research that has emerged in recent years is the assessment of factors that contribute to the development of body image problems and, more concretely, to the development of body dissatisfaction. The female sociocultural beauty ideal, a constant object of research for over three decades now, is so ultra-thin that it is both unattainable and unhealthy. Likewise, the male bea...

Functional or Psychogenic Movement Disorders: An Endless Enigmatic Tale

Functional/psychogenic movement disorders (F/PMDs) are a valuable model for all medically unexplained symptoms and raise arduous challenges for diagnosis and treatment indicating our restricted understanding of the true pathogenesis that causes them. A multiplicity of terms, such as “conversion,” “somatization disorder,” “psychosomatic,” “neuropsychiatric,” “dissociative motor disorders,” and s...

Biological Gender, Sexual Orientation and Gender Role in Eating Disorders

Functional neuroanatomy and physiology in movement disorders

Introduction The most common movement disorders, including Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), dystonia, and dyskinesias are associated with pathology within the basal ganglia (BG), a group of graymatter structures situated at the base of the forebrain that are extensively interconnected together as well as with different parts of the cerebral cortex, the thalamus, and other su...

Student Movement in Contemporary Iran; Independent or Affiliated Movement

The student movement is considered as one of the important issues of Iranian political sociology, but its role and its nature and its relationship with other movements and movements in Iran have been discussed. The present article is trying to answer the role and function of the student movement in Iran. Using a descriptive-analytic approach, political currents have become instrumental in most ...